But political experts and historians, as well as ordinary citizens, are sure that no matter how nostalgic their compatriots are about the USSR, communist ideas are unlikely to prevail.
But it's not the case anymore. There it remains now. This article is part of the "Why Russia…? If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material. This website uses cookies. This is known as the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution. At the same time, far left parties and groups were also operating in Russia; their ideology was based on Marxist doctrines of reorganising the society. It was Lenin and his party that toppled the Provisional Government in the October Revolution, and seized and usurped power.
What followed was the long-term struggle by Lenin and the Bolsheviks to cement and spread their power across the whole country; at the same time opposition to the Bolshevik rule grew steadily. In September , the Bolsheviks launched the Red Terror campaign, in which large numbers of people were arrested and shot in order to scare others into submission.
Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia broke apart from Russia and became independent states. Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and several countries in Asia declared independence as well. However, in the course of the heated battles of the Civil War the Bolsheviks were able to bring the latter countries under their influence and make them part of the newly established Soviet empire, where the internal borders were fixed on the basis of ethnic borders. Although officially the socialist nation states were independent, it was but an illusion.
They were used to build a new type of centralised state. This is how the USSR restored the greatness and power of the empire, but the aim now was to spread the communist rule to its neighbours as well. By the end of the s the population of the USSR had grown to The years saw the gradual collapse of the Soviet system. There was a national awakening in the republics and independence movements emerged.
One union republic after another declared independence and left the USSR. The failure of the coup brought along the collapse of the communist system. The building of the Soviet political system meant a complete disruption of the social relations existing previously in Russia, as well as continued struggle against the so-called remnants of the past. The enormity of the tasks and the breadth and depth of the changes undertaken by the Bolsheviks simply required a brutality in their implementation.
In order to follow the Marxist doctrines, the new order to be built was going to be in conflict with the basic instincts of the human society. The measures proposed by the Marxists for reorganising the social and economic relations included expropriation of land ownership, abolition of inheritance rights, educating children on a communal basis and an equal obligation on all members of society to work.
The purpose of these measures was to do away with the traditional family and eradicate private ownership instincts. It was entirely clear for Lenin that doing away with classes and class differences was the fastest way to building a communist society. Violence became the means of implementing the communist doctrine. In March the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow. Thus, Moscow became the capital city and seat of the apparatus of power.
In reality all decisions were made in the Politburo and Secretariat of the Central Committee and were formulated only after that as acts of the organs of state power, for according to the constitution the right to adopt such acts rested with these bodies.
The Politburo secretly held actual power, but did not wish to show their real role in decision-making, thus, for the rest of the world, the decisions were made to look as if the Council of Ministers or the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet had adopted them.
Immediately after the Bolsheviks seized power in , they created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, better known as the Cheka or Vecheka. It was the organ of state security, directly subordinated to the Politburo of the Central Committee. The structure remained the same, even if the name changed as time went by. Following World War II, the experience of the Soviet political system and the principle of secret leadership of the Communist Party was emulated in the Eastern European countries, in which communist regimes were established with the help of the Red Army and the staff of the Soviet secret services.
Marx, F. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Tallinn, , pp 60— Since seizing power in the communists have always used violence and forced labour to support their regime. All privileged groups of the former society, as well as anyone who thought differently became victims of persecutions and repressions. The church came under vicious attacks, and repressions were carried out against representatives of all denominations. The Bolsheviks were dead against religion and wanted to eradicate faith and freedom of conscience for ever, so as to make room for a jubilantly atheistic society.
The political rights of the representatives of the former wealthier classes, the so-called former people civil servants, tradesmen, entrepreneurs were restricted. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own Legends claim that the earliest rulers in China were the Xia Dynasty, from to B.
Socialism describes any political or economic theory that says the community, rather than individuals, should own and manage property and natural resources. Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Communist Leaders. Recommended for you. Communism has been one of the most influential economic theories of all times; recognizing its influence is key to understanding both past and current events.
Moreover, the competition between communism and capitalism as played out in the Cold War was arguably the defining struggle of the 20th century. This section provides a brief overview of communist ideology in the European and Russian contexts and includes information on the rise of the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin and its continuation under Joseph Stalin. Communism is a political ideology and type of government in which the state owns the major resources in a society, including property, means of production, education, agriculture and transportation.
Basically, communism proposes a society in which everyone shares the benefits of labor equally, and eliminates the class system through redistribution of on income.
The Father of Communism, Karl Marx , a German philosopher and economist, proposed this new ideology in his Communist Manifesto , which he wrote with Friedrich Engels in The manifesto emphasized the importance of class struggle in every historical society, and the dangerous instability capitalism created. Though Marx died well before a government tested his theories, his writings, in conjunction with a rising disgruntled working class across Europe, did immediately influence revolutionary industrial workers throughout Europe who created an international labor movement.
As envisioned by Marx, Communism was to be a global movement, inspiring and expediting inevitable working-class revolutions throughout the capitalist world.
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