At present, there are a total of 14 Tibetan medical institutions in Tibet, and over 60 county-level hospitals have established Tibetan medicine sections. In , the working personnel involved in Tibetan medicine in Tibet numbered only , while in the number had increased to 1,, including 61 chief physicians and associate chief physicians, attending physicians and resident physicians and doctors.
The "Mantsikhang" and "Chakpori Zhopanling" have been amalgamated to become the Tibet Autonomous Regional Hospital of Tibetan Medicine, with a floor space of over , square meters and a staff of , of whom are health technicians. The hospital has beds and provides free medical care for the broad masses of the Tibetan people, receiving , outpatients annually. The hospital has set up outpatient and inpatient departments, a pharmaceuticals factory, and research institutes of Tibetan medicine, astronomy and the calendar.
It has a department of medicine, surgical department, department of gynecology and obstetrics, tumor department, gastrointestinal department and department of pediatrics to cater to outpatients. In addition, it has set up more than 20 special outpatient departments, such as the department for disease prevention and health protection, oral hygiene department, ophthalmological department and department of external Tibetan therapeutic medicine, and some modern medical and technical departments such as the departments of radiation, ultrasonic wave examination, electrocardioscopy and gastroscopy.
The hospital has adopted the method of combining Western and Tibetan medicine to treat diseases, thereby enriching and developing Tibetan medical therapies and theories. Due attention has been paid to scientific research and education concerning Tibetan medicine.
Tibetan medical institutions at all levels are actively carrying out scientific research on Tibetan medicine, and have collected and collated nearly related documents and monographs. New achievements have been made in studies relating to the history of Tibetan medicine, medical documents, pharmacological theories, medical ethics, the inheritance of the teachings of the masters, and Tibetan materia medica. The College of Tibetan Medicine has trained qualified personnel of various levels and categories since it was established 10 years ago.
The production of Tibetan medicine has been put on a standardized, normalized and scientific administration track. The Tibetan Pharmaceuticals Factory of the Tibet Autonomous Region, one of a dozen similar factories in Tibet, has two production lines, turning out over varieties of products and boasting an annual output value of Tibetan medicine is now taking its place in the world, arousing the attention of international medical circles.
Many foreign experts and scholars come to Tibet every year to study Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medicine and pharmacology has also been introduced to the United States, Britain and Germany, and some countries have sent students to Tibet to study Tibetan medicine.
With the development and progress of the times, the old science of Tibetan medicine and pharmacology is now full of vigor and vitality, playing an important role in improving the health conditions of the Tibetan people and bringing benefits to mankind as a whole VI. Monasteries monopolized education, and there were only a few government schools for training only clerical and secular officials, where most of the students were children of the nobility.
The masses of serfs and slaves had no chance to receive education at all and illiterate persons accounted for 95 percent of their total number. Less than students studied in the state-run Lhasa Primary School, which was established by the Ministry of Education of the National Government in , even during its period of full bloom, and only 12 students graduated from higher primary school during its 10 or so years of operation.
The People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has always regarded it as an important task to develop popular education to enhance the scientific and cultural qualities of all the Tibetans since Tibet carried out the Democratic Reform.
To guarantee the people's right to receive education in accordance with the law, the autonomous region promulgated for implementation the Measures of Compulsory Education in the Tibet Autonomous Region and A Plan for Compulsory Education in the Tibet Autonomous Region in , and adopted a policy which favored investment in education, providing in explicit terms that the proportion of education to either its annual financial budget or annual investment plan in capital construction should reach 17 percent.
The investment in education within the local budget totaled 1. At present, a fairly complete educational system has taken initial shape in Tibet. The teaching and administrative staff have reached 22,, among whom 19, are full-time teachers, and the teachers of ethnic minorities, with most being Tibetans, account for over 80 percent.
Education in Tibet has made great strides. According to statistics, Tibet now boasts primary schools, middle schools and 3, teaching centers, with a total enrollment of , in primary and middle schools, including 34, junior middle school students and 9, senior middle school students within the region itself.
The enrollment ratio of school-age children has reached A three-year compulsory education system has been popularized in pastoral areas; in agricultural areas, six years; and in major cities and towns, nine years. Sixteen secondary vocational schools have been set up in the region, and the number of students attending such schools both within and outside Tibet has reached 8, With the development of adult education, the illiteracy rate of Tibetan young and middle-aged people declined from 95 percent before to 42 percent in Higher education has also been developed rapidly.
In the last few decades in Tibet, over 20, students have graduated from universities, and more than 23, from secondary vocational schools.
Some Tibetans have received master's or doctor's degrees. A large number of Tibetan professionals have thus been trained, including scientists, engineers, professors, doctors, writers and artists. The News and Publishing, Broadcasting, Film and Television Industries Are Developing Rapidly There was no genuine news and publishing industry in Tibet before its peaceful liberation, and the materials printed by the few wood-block printing houses were almost all scriptures.
Tibet's news and publishing industry has grown gradually from nothing since its peaceful liberation. Especially in the past 20 years, the publishing of books, newspapers and audio-visual materials has made rapid progress, and a news and publishing system covering the whole region has already taken initial shape.
Publishing is flourishing. Tibet has established four publishing houses and an audio-visual products duplication and manufacturing plant. The Tibet People's Publishing House has published over 6, titles of books, with a total distribution of over At present, the region has the Tibet Xinhua Printing House and another 24 printing houses, and new technologies have been gradually introduced to printing enterprises, such as electronic composition, offset lithography, electronic color separation and polychrome printing.
There was no system of book distribution in Tibet before its peaceful liberation. But now, the region has 67 Xinhua bookstores at regional, prefectural city and county levels. A network of book distribution covering the whole region is now basically in place, offering a total of odd million Tibetan-language books in over 8, titles to the masses of Tibetan readers over the past 20 years. The publishing of newspapers and periodicals has also been developed steadily.
Now, a total of 52 newspapers and periodicals are published for the general public in Tibet. Tibet's broadcasting, film and television industries have also been developed gradually since its peaceful liberation.
The Lhasa Cable Broadcasting Station was established in ; wireless broadcasting was started in ; the Tibet People's Broadcasting Station was formally founded in ; black-and-white and color television programs were trial-broadcast in and , respectively; the Tibet Television was established formally in ; and the project of the Production Center of the Tibet Dubbed Radio and Television Programs was put in use in In the last four decades and more, the state and the autonomous region have invested a total of million yuan in Tibet's radio, film and television industries.
The Central Government as well as provinces and municipalities have also given their support to Tibet by supplying it with a large number of equipment and materials, more than technicians and cadres in five groups, and training a galaxy of broadcasting, film and television professionals for it. At present, Tibet has two radio broadcasting stations, 36 medium- and short-wave radio transmitting and relay stations, 45 county-level FM relay stations, two wireless television stations, television relay stations and 1, ground satellite stations, bringing radio and TV programs to 65 and 55 percent of the people in Tibet, respectively, and TV programs to 75 percent of the residents in Lhasa and its vicinity.
Seeing films is one of the main cultural activities of the broad masses of people in agricultural and pastoral areas. Tibet now has cinemas, grassroots film projection teams and over 9, projection centers, giving more than , movie shows to China warns EU not to interfere.
Key issues: Tibet. Tibetan Government in Exile. Free Tibet Campaign. China Tibet Information Centre in Chinese. Many Tibetans see spiritual leader the Dalai Lama as a living god.
China accused of repression. Tibet has supporters of independence around the world. Image source, Getty Images. The Potala Palace in Lhasa is the former residence of the Dalai Lama and one of the area's best known landmarks. Tibet at a glance:. Sovereignty: The Dalai Lama says Tibet was independent and has been colonised. China says its sovereignty over Tibet goes back centuries.
What is Tibet? China considers this to be the Tibetan Autonomous Region. Dalai Lama says it should include neighbouring provinces with Tibetan populations. Repression: Dalai Lama says 1. China disputes this. Culture: Dalai Lama says China actively suppressed Tibetan identity. The relationship that developed and still exists today between the Mongols and Tibetans is a reflection of the close racial, cultural and especially religious affinity between the two Central Asian peoples.
To claim that Tibet became a part of China because both countries were independently subjected to varying degrees of Mongol control, as the PRC does, is absurd. The Mongol Empire was a world empire; no evidence exists to indicate that the Mongols integrated the administration of China and Tibet or appended Tibet to China in any manner. It is like claiming that France should belong to England because both came under Roman domination, or that Burma became a part of India when the British Empire extended its authority over both territories.
This relatively brief period of foreign domination over Tibet occurred years ago. Tibet broke away from the Yuan emperor before China regained its independence from the Mongols with the establishment of the native Ming dynasty. Not until the eighteenth century did Tibet once again come under a degree of foreign influence.
The Ming dynasty, which ruled China from to , had few ties to and no authority over Tibet. On the other hand, the Manchus, who conquered China and established the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century, embraced Tibetan Buddhism as the Mongols had and developed close ties with the Tibetans.
The Dalai Lama, who had by then become the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet, agreed to become the spiritual guide of the Manchu emperor. He accepted patronage and protection in exchange. This "priest-patron" relationship, which the Dalai Lama also maintained with numerous Mongol Khans and Tibetan nobles, was the only formal tie that existed between the Tibetans and Manchus during the Qing dynasty. If did not, in itself, affect Tibet's independence. On the political level, some powerful Manchu emperors succeeded in exerting a degree of influence over Tibet.
Thus, between and the Manchu emperors Kangxi, Yong Zhen and Qianlong sent imperial troops into Tibet four times to protect the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan people from foreign invasion or internal unrest.
It was these expeditions that provided them with influence in Tibet. The emperor sent representatives to the Tibetan capital, Lhasa, some of whom successfully exercised their influence, in his name, over the Tibetan government, particularly with respect to the conduct of foreign relations. At the height of Manchu power, which lasted a few decades, the situation was not unlike that which can exist between a superpower and a neighboring satellite or protectorate.
The subjection of a state to foreign influence and even intervention in foreign or domestic affairs, however significant this may be politically, does not in itself entail the legal extinction of that state.
Consequently, although some Manchu emperors exerted considerable influence over Tibet, they did not thereby incorporate Tibet into their empire, much less China. Manchu influence did not last for very long. It was entirely ineffective by the time the British briefly invaded Tibet in , and ceased entirely with the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in , and its replacement in China by a native republican government.
In the article below, he explains Tibet's legal status. The Tibetan Government-in-Exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under unlawful occupation.
If Tibet is under unlawful Chinese occupation, Beijing's large-scale transfer of Chinese settlers into Tibet is a serious violation of the fourth Geneva Convention of , which prohibits the transfer of civilian population into occupied territory. If Tibet is under unlawful Chinese occupation, China's illegal presence in the country is a legitimate object of international concern. If, on the other hand, Tibet is an integral part of China, then these questions fall, as China claims, within its own domestic jurisdiction.
The issue of human rights, including the right of self-determination and the right of the Tibetan people to maintain their own identity and autonomy are, of course, legitimate objects of international concern regardless of Tibet's legal status.
China makes no claim to sovereign rights over Tibet as a result of its military subjugation and occupation of Tibet following the country's invasion in Instead, it bases its claim to Tibet solely on its theory that Tibet has been an integral part of China for many centuries. China's claim to sovereignty over Tibet is based almost exclusively on self-serving Chinese official histories. Chinese sources portrayed most countries with whom the emperor of China had relations, not only Tibet, as vassals of the emperor.
When studying Tibet's history, Tibetan sources should be given primary importance; foreign sources, including Chinese ones, should only be given secondary weight. Tibet has a rich history dating back over 2, years. A good starting point in analysing the country's status is the period referred to as Tibet's "imperial age", when the entire country was first united under one ruler.
There is no serious dispute over the existence of Tibet as an independent state during this period. Even China's own historical records and treaties Tibet and China concluded during that period refer to Tibet as a strong state with whom China was forced to deal on a footing of equality.
International law protects the independence of states from attempts to destroy it and, therefore, the presumption is in favour of the continuation of statehood.
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