Islamic scholars translated their writings from Syriac, Greek, and Sanskrit into Arabic and then produced new medical knowledge based on those texts. In order to make the Greek tradition more accessible, understandable, and teachable, Islamic scholars organized the Greco-Roman medical knowledge into encyclopedias.
The eye, according to Hunain ibn Ishaq: Scholars developed large encyclopedias of medical knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age, such as this one from a manuscript dated circa Ceramics, glass, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, and woodwork flourished during the Islamic Golden Age.
Manuscript illumination became an important and greatly respected art, and portrait miniature painting flourished in Persia. Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration. Typically, though not entirely, Islamic art depicts nature patterns and Arabic calligraphy, rather than figures, because many Muslims feared that the depiction of the human form is idolatry and thereby a sin against God, forbidden in the Quran.
There are repeating elements in Islamic art, such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque. The arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent, indivisible, and infinite nature of God. Mistakes in repetitions may be intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believe only God can produce perfection, although this theory is disputed. Detail of arabesque decoration at the Alhambra in Spain: Arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent, indivisible, and infinite nature of God.
The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen made of dried reed or bamboo. Qalam ink is often in color, and chosen such that its intensity can vary greatly, so that the greater strokes of the compositions can be very dynamic in their effect. Islamic calligraphy is applied on a wide range of decorative mediums other than paper, such as tiles, vessels, carpets, and inscriptions.
Before the advent of paper, papyrus and parchment were used for writing. Coins were another support for calligraphy. Beginning in , the Islamic caliphate reformed the coinage of the Near East by replacing visual depiction with words.
This was especially true for dinars, or gold coins of high value, which were inscribed with quotes from the Quran. By the 10th century, the Persians, who had converted to Islam, began weaving inscriptions on elaborately patterned silks.
These calligraphic-inscribed textiles were so precious that Crusaders brought them to Europe as prized possessions. A notable example is the Suaire de Saint-Josse, used to wrap the bones of St. Josse in the abbey of St. Josse-sur-Mer near Caen in northwestern France. There were many advances in architectural construction, and mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts were inspired by Persian and Byzantine architecture.
Islamic mosaic art anticipated principles of quasicrystalline geometry, which would not be discovered for more years. This art used symmetric polygonal shapes to create patterns that can continue indefinitely without repeating. These patterns have even helped modern scientists understand quasicrystals at the atomic levels. The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad in CE, and ruled over a large, flourishing empire for three centuries.
The Abbasids distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration. In particular, they appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads, and the geographic power shift appeased the Persian mawali support base.
While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated the Arabs who had supported the Abbasids in their battles against the Umayyads. The Abbasids established the new position of vizier to delegate central authority, and delegated even greater authority to local emirs. As the viziers exerted greater influence, many Abbasid caliphs were relegated to a more ceremonial role as Persian bureaucracy slowly replaced the old Arab aristocracy.
The Abbasids, who ruled from Baghdad, had an unbroken line of caliphs for over three centuries, consolidating Islamic rule and cultivating great intellectual and cultural developments in the Middle East in the Golden Age of Islam. By CE, however, the power of the caliphate under the Abbasids began waning as non-Arabs gained influence and the various subordinate sultans and emirs became increasingly independent. Map of the Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. The Abbasid leadership worked to overcome the political challenges of a large empire with limited communication in the last half of the 8th century — CE.
Local governors had begun to exert greater autonomy, using their increasing power to make their positions hereditary. Simultaneously, former supporters of the Abbasids had broken away to create a separate kingdom around Khorosan in northern Persia. Several factions left the empire to exercise independent authority. A family of governors under the Abbasids became increasingly independent until they founded the Aghlabid Emirate in the s.
By the s governors in Egypt set up their own Tulunid Emirate, so named for its founder Ahmad ibn Tulun, starting a dynastic rule separate from the caliph. In the eastern territories, local governors decreased their ties to the central Abbasid rule. The Saffarids of Herat and the Samanids of Bukhara seceded in the s to cultivate a more Persian culture and rule.
The Tulinid dynasty managed Palestine, the Hijaz, and parts of Egypt. The Fatimid caliphs initially controlled Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, and they expanded for the next years, taking Egypt and Palestine.
The Abbasid dynasty finally challenged Fatimid rule, limiting them to Egypt. At this point, the Abbasid dynasty had fragmented into several governorships that were mostly autonomous, although they official recognized caliphal authority from Baghdad.
The Fatimid Caliphate at its height, c. Outside Iraq, all the autonomous provinces slowly became states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues. They operated under only nominal caliph authority, with emirs ruling their own provinces from their own capitals. Though lacking in political power, the dynasty continued to claim authority in religious matters until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. The Rise and Spread of Islam. Search for:.
The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires. Key Terms Sunni : The branch of Islam that believes that a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives and that Abu Bakr was the first caliph. Learning Objectives Describe the advancements made under the Umayyad Caliphate.
Key Takeaways Key Points The Umayyad Caliphate, which emerged after the Rashidun Caliphate collapsed, was characterized by hereditary elections and territory expansion.
The Umayyad Caliphate became one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents.
When the Abbasid dynasty revolted against the Umayyads and killed many of their ruling family members, a few Umayyads escaped to the Iberian peninsula and founded the Cordoba Caliphate, characterized by peaceful diplomacy, religious tolerance, and cultural flourishing. Umayyad Caliphate : The second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. Learning Objectives Discuss the spread of Islam and identify how the caliphs maintained authority over conquered territories.
The people of the Islamic world created numerous sophisticated centers of culture and science with far-reaching mercantile networks, travelers, scientists, hunters, mathematicians, doctors, and philosophers. The Arab conquerors generally respected the traditional middle-Eastern pattern of religious pluralism with regard to the conquered populations, respecting the practice of other faiths in Arab territory, although widespread conversions to Islam came about as a result of the breakdown of historically religiously organized societies.
They fail to complete political control of their territory. Some local leaders dominate smaller regions. No control over large empire. Abbasid advances Ibn al-Haythm invented the first camera and was able to form an explanation of how the eye sees. Doctor and philosopher Avicenna wrote the Canon of Medicine, which helped physicians diagnose dangerous diseases such as cancer. Damascus steel was a type of steel used for manufacturing blades in the Near East made with wootz steel imported from India.
These swords are characterized by distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water. The steel is named after Damascus, a city in Syria. In Aramean the name might have been derived from Dermask or dersauk as E deim means land and mask means red in Syriac. Whatever the etymological origion of the word, Damascus remains, as ever the eye of the whole east as the Roman Julianus described the greatness of the city.
What is the Damascus Camo? The Damascus camo is unlocked by achieving every other camouflage in the game for each weapon; That means having gold on all 39 guns that you can use. As well as looking awesome when equipped to your gun, the Damascus camo has an aura of significance about it.
Damascus knives are knives made from Damascus steel. Damascus knives can be identified by the wavy, mottled pattern than runs through the blade. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. However, Umayyad caliphate only ruled from to The capital city of the Umayyad Empire was Damascus. During this period, Arab Muslims were at the top of the society; non-Arabs were considered to be inferior and were kept in lower positions.
The non-Arabs in the society later supported the Abbasids to overthrow this caliphate. During this time, the focus was mainly on military conquest; knowledge was not a major focus. Umayyad caliphate also tolerated people of other religions such as Christians and Jews.
However, they had to pay a tax to continue practicing their religion. Women in Umayyad caliphate had a higher status compared to the caliphates that came after this caliphate. Umayyad: Umayyad Empire was founded by the Umayyad family of Mecca. Abbasid: This dynasty ruled from to Umayyad: This dynasty ruled from to Abbasid: Non-Arabic Muslims were given special privileges in the court.
Umayyad: Non-Arabic Muslims were considered as inferior. Abbasid: Many non-Muslims converted to Islam.
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