Soldier used to hold Beaut in his arms and lullaby him in a big rocking chair He rocked Beaut in the chair as one would a doll. It was their chief occupation, their sole entertainment.
It was an unforgettable sight, midnight-black strapping Soldier holding the somewhat delicate, though really tough, Beaut. If you looked in on them in the dark, you seemed to see only Beaut asleep in what looked like the dark branches ofa tree Then he would rock Beaut and lullabv him as the night settled down over the city.
The unbalanced power dynamic is further emphasized by the whiteness of the submissive one and the blackness of the dominant one.
The dominant one forces stasis on the weaker of the two, while blackness renders the dominant one invisible. In this case, the homosexual is either weak and passive, or strong but rendered invisible. In this passage, Beaut seems to disappear as an active participant in the relationship as static , reduced to an infant by Soldier's dominance, and Soldier seems to disappear because of his blackness of the night. Whereas Beaut's beauty makes him shine in the darkness, Soldier's blackness here a form of ugliness makes him invisible in the dark.
This passage suggests that the proper place for ugliness and blackness and homosexuality is to be unseen in the darkness, unless it can be rendered into a passive art object admired for its beauty. For instance, in Purdy's initial description of Beaut, he is cast in the role of the tragic condemned beautiful boy that suffers and dies because of his beauty. Beauty Orleans, or Beaut At seventeen Beaut looked sometimes only thirteen. His most unusual feature, though, happened to be his eyes, which someone said reminded one of flashes of heat lightning He had no education, no training.
He wore the same clothes winter and summer. In summer he put on a German undershirt which he pulled down almost as far as his knees. He found most of his clothes outside the bock door of a repertory theater. The only thing that comes from within is beauty, the flashes of his eyes, otherwise there is nothing else notable about him: no education, no training, no skills. Beaut's clothing further associates him with surfaces, wearing tossed-off theater costumes.
Beaut is characterizes as a passive thing to be viewed as a beautiful object, and as a superficial object of the lust of others. Not only is beauty to be admired, it is also something to take possession of and exploit.
Because of Beaut 's extraordinary good looks and his strange eyes, artists were always clamoring to make drawings of him. His friend Soldier If you wanted to get permission to draw Beaut, you had to go straight to Soldier first and finagle the arrangements. Soldier would hesitate a long while with a suing artist This seems to be the subtext of the artists wanting to draw Beaut, where the "drawing" is a displaced form of sexual encounter and superficial physical contact, which is projected into a flat one-dimensional surface, another representation of homosexual sensual shallowness.
Soldier with his dominance and control over Beaut can exploit his beauty to make available or withhold him as an object of desire.
Beauty only exists as momentary stasis leading to eventual decay, as happens to Beaut after Soldier abandons him. As days and weeks passed, the young boy got older-looking, but anything more beautiful. His eves located deep in his skull looked like Utile birthday candles flickering.
After wrinkles began forming around those candlelike eves. Some of his teeth came out, but he looked handsome still even without them. The homosexual logic here drives toward the fall of beauty because beauty cannot renew itself, implying a creeping moral corruption that must underlie the stasis of homosexuality.
I have already suggested that stasis and beauty are interconnected in homosexual representations, and that stasis must lead to eventual decline. Here Purdy makes the connection explicit. People in the Village wondered how these two could go on so long together. But it was finally understood that Beaut and Soldier had reached some kind of perfection in their love for one another. They had no future, and no past—just the now in which Soldier rocked Beauty on his knees and kissed his smooth satiny reddish-gold hair We knew it couldn't last.
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Childhood cross-gender behavior of homosexual females in Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States. A cross-cultural assessment of early cross-gender behavior and familial factors in male homosexuality. Zuger, B. Early effeminate behavior in boys: Outcome and significance for homosexuality.
Download references. Gabriel Phillips M. Specifically, and based on several of our own recent studies 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 we wondered whether different FA values in the IFOF compared to sex assigned at birth - matched controls can be regarded as a neural correlate of GD. The study also explored whether and how sexual orientation per se is related to FA in the long white matter tracts of the brain, consistently showing sex differences among cisgender heterosexual controls 28 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , Several previous neuro-imaging studies have suggested that sexual differentiation of the brain is less pronounced in transgender individuals 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , but none did specifically investigate sex, gender identity and sexual orientation in the same setting, directly comparing transgender groups with both cisgender homosexual and heterosexual controls.
We found a significant main effect of Sex in several major white matter tracts with higher FA in males , but, notably, not for Sexual orientation. Furthermore, congruent with our primary hypothesis there was a significant effect of Gender identity in the right IFOF.
In the other tracts measured, the present study revealed, like in several previous studies, sex-atypical FA values in transgender individuals. However, and importantly, these values became sex-typical after accounting for sexual orientation.
To the contrary, the direct comparison between HoM and HeM showed no significant differences. Together, these data argue for less pronounced sexual differentiation of these white matter tracts among homosexual compared to heterosexual cisgender persons, possibly more due to a masculinization of long tracts in HoW, and to a lesser degree a de-masculinization in HoM.
In line with reports about testosterone promoting white matter growth 45 , such androgen effects are hypothesized to be linked to homosexuality 8 , 9 , 10 , Homosexual men were previously found to have a more female-like interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus 46 , thinner cuneus cortex, and smaller thalamic volumes compared with heterosexual men The finding of more pronounced sex-atypical characteristics in HoW than HoM is at odds to reports of a less consistent sex-atypical neuropsychological test performance in HoW 48 , 49 , and needs further evaluation.
Male and female homosexuality may not be analogously manifested at a structural level in the human brain. With regard to GD the major observation was that the significant effect of Gender identity, after accounting for sexual orientation, was confined to the IFOF.
The IFOF connects the occipital, parietal and medial prefrontal cortices Consequently, aberrant FA in the IFOF of transgender individuals may be underlying to the unconformity between their perception of self and their body. Importantly, this finding of sex-atypical FA values in the IFOF did not change after accounting for the more heterogeneous sexual orientation among the transgender participants.
Moreover, in our recent longitudinal study on testosterone treatment effects in a sub-sample of the TrM described here, we observed increases of FA selectively in the posterior part of the right IFOF, which may indicate treatment-related improvement of white matter integrity Interestingly, Rametti et al.
However, they investigated only 18 gynephilic homosexual in relation to the sex assigned at birth TrM. Our group of 40 TrM was thus larger and more heterogeneous in terms of sexual orientation. Although we did not find any significant differences among the at birth assigned female groups, considering the present observations, it is possible that, at least to some extent, the findings by Rametti et al.
This said, it is of note that in contrast to the cis-heterosexual groups, both the transgender samples and the cis-homosexual groups did not show the normative sex difference pattern with males at birth assigned sex having higher FA than females. Furthermore, whereas the differences in voxel-wise FA between the transgender groups and HeM were overall bilateral and more pervasive, their deviation from HoM was restricted to right hemispheric and smaller clusters. Together with the observed masculinization effects in HoW, and in line with the literature, this argues for less pronounced sexual differentiation of white matter in both homosexual cisgender individuals 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , and in transgender persons 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , compared with our cis-heterosexual groups, and in agreement with the notion of higher co-occurrence of transgenderism and homosexuality.
The right-hemispheric differences between cis-homosexual and transgender groups, together with the confirmed aberration of FA in the right IFOF, provide compelling indications for the hypothesized different own body perception, specifically in transgender individuals.
In line with our results, several previous neuroimaging studies found differences between trans- and cisgender groups particularly located in the right hemisphere 16 , 17 , 22 , 27 , 29 , more specifically in the right insula, pre- cuneus, temporo-parietal junction, orbito-frontal, medial frontal, and anterior cingulate cortex. These regions, and the right hemisphere in general have been reported to be involved in cognitive processes of body perception in relation to self, body ownership, ego-centric representation, and bodily self-consciousness 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , The crucial methodological aspects of the present study were the inclusion of both cis-heterosexual and cis-homosexual control groups, and the use of Kinsey scores as covariate.
However, adding scores on the sexual orientation questionnaire as covariate might not be considered a valid statistical approach, because the assumption of independence between the independent variable, i.
Also, ANCOVA is generally used to account for small differences on the covariate, but in our model cisgender groups scoring on the two extremes of the Kinsey scale homosexual versus heterosexual were compared, and, moreover, this group difference was introduced by design. However, an argument in favour of conducting ANCOVA, including Kinsey scores as covariate is that we did not randomly assign subjects to the various groups, but considered group as a categorical predictor variable that is observed, and is not manipulated.
Therefore, the independence assumption between the covariate and the independent variable group becomes irrelevant, and consequently our approach can be considered valid. We binarized sexual orientation, including only those cisgender participants with Kinsey scale scores on the extreme ends see inclusion criteria.
One might argue that sexual orientation should rather be treated as continuous variable. However, because one of our specific aims was to address the issue of sexual orientation in relation to FA, this categorization was considered necessary as a first step to compare the extremes on the sexual orientation scale.
At variance to some more recent data by 20 , we do not report axial and radial diffusivity in this study. Radial and axial diffusivity will be elaborated on in a separate study. Our groups differed in terms of mean age, which is suboptimal, because FA changes with aging. We accounted for these age differences by adding age as a covariate of no interest to all analyses. We did not assess sex steroid hormone levels in our cisgender participants, but have no reason to assume that testosterone levels were higher in HoW than HeW, which might explain their relatively masculinized FA values, considering that no participant reported use of anabolic steroids, and none had any hormonal deficiency or aberration see exclusion criteria.
In conclusion, the present findings support the idea of a distinction and partial overlap between the neurobiology underlying sexual orientation and transgenderism. Moreover, the observed right-hemisphere differences between the transgender groups and cisgender controls, also after taking into account sexual orientation, specifically in the IFOF further emphasize that the signature of GD is related to self-processing and the experience of body ownership.
All consecutively arriving adults aged 18—45 years who sought gender confirming medical interventions, and were diagnosed with transsexualism based on the ICD diagnostic criteria 2 , were approached to enter the study between January and June Exclusion criteria consisted of previous or current hormonal treatment, any known chromosomal or hormonal disorder, any current psychiatric disorder [as confirmed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview M.
Eligibility for participation was based on clinical interviews and available medical records after permission of the participant. We excluded individuals with known autism spectrum disorder ASD diagnosed before being referred to the team or participants who showed clinical signs of ASD when being assessed by the team.
Hormonal contraception use was no exclusion criterion. Sexual orientation was assessed using the self-report Kinsey scale 57 , a seven-point scale ranging from 0 heterosexual, i. T1-weighted images were processed using the FreeSurfer image analysis suite, version 5. Volumetric segmentation was performed to derive total ICV measures for each participant. Diffusion images were analyzed and corrected for motion artifacts and eddy current distortions using DTIPrep Voxel-wise statistical analyses were performed using TBSS.
The normalized individual FA maps were averaged to create a group-wise mean FA white matter skeleton, separately for each group comparison. A threshold of 0. We tested whole-brain, voxel-wise differences in FA between groups using Randomise part of FSL , with permutation-based non-parametric testing 5, permutations , and applying the Threshold-Free Cluster Enhancement option. We defined three binary factors: Sex male or female sex assigned at birth , Sexual orientation gynephilic or androphilic , and Gender identity male or female identification.
We therefore decided to answer our research questions: a whether FA varied as a function of sexual orientation in only the cisgender groups; and b whether FA varied as a function of Gender identity in all cis- and transgender groups. Furthermore, two one-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc comparisons were done to specifically test the influence of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation within groups of the same sex assigned at birth: 1.
Finally, we investigated sex differences between the six groups of at birth assigned males and females by means of one-way ANOVA and post-hoc two sample t-tests. Anatomical locations and tracts of interest were identified max. American Psychiatric Association. World Health Organization. Blanchard, R. Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias.
Nieder, T. Age of onset and sexual orientation in transsexual males and females. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Cerwenka, S. Article Google Scholar. Lawrence, A. Sexual orientation versus age of onset as bases for typologies subtypes for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults. Swaab, D. Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation.
PubMed Google Scholar. Hines, M. Prenatal endocrine influences on sexual orientation and on sexually differentiated childhood behavior. Zucker, K. The Guilford Press, Balthazart, J. Minireview: Hormones and human sexual orientation. Endocrinology , —47 Sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior. Best Pract. Sexual differentiation of the human brain: relevance for gender identity, transsexualism and sexual orientation.
Kreukels, B. Neuroimaging studies in people with gender incongruence. Psychiatry 28 , — Guillamon, A. Manzouri, A. Feusner, J. Intrinsic network connectivity and own body perception in gender dysphoria. Burke, S. Testosterone Effects on the Brain in Transgender Men.
Kranz, G. White matter microstructure in transsexuals and controls investigated by diffusion tensor imaging. Savic, I. Sex dimorphism of the brain in male-to-female transsexuals. Cortex 21 , —33 Zubiaurre-Elorza, L. Cortical thickness in untreated transsexuals. Cortex 23 , —62 Luders, E. Brain Sci. Simon, L.
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